Impact of comorbid psychogenic non-epileptic seizures on migraine: An observational study

Abstract

Objectives: There is a bidirectional and complex interplay between psychiatric comorbidities and migraine. Migraine has been observed in 50–60% of patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). Studies describe migraine as a medical comorbidity in PNES. However, there are limited studies on impact of PNES on migraine. We aim to see the impact of PNES on migraine. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and observational study was conducted at a tertiary-care center from June 2017 to May 2019. Fifty-two patients with migraine with PNES and 48 patients with migraine without PNES were included on the study. Migraine and PNES were diagnosed based on International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 (ICHD-3) and International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria, respectively. Headache intensity was assessed using visual analog scale. Comorbid depression, anxiety, and somatoform-symptom-disease were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and DSM-5 criteria, respectively. Results: Females were common in both groups and the difference was statistically insignificant. Headache frequency was significantly more in patients with migraine with PNES (P < 0.05). However, headache intensity was similar in both groups. Patients with headaches and PNES identified triggers less commonly except for stress. Depression and somatoform symptom disorder were significantly more common in patients with migraine with PNES. Abnormal neurocircuitry involving frontal, limbic, and thalamic regions due to comorbid PNES may cause central sensitization, resulting in frequent migraine headaches which is further augmented by coexisting depression and somatoform-symptom-disease. Conclusion: Migraine with PNES patients suffers more frequent headaches than patients with migraine without PNES. They differ in various headache triggers, with mental stress being the predominant trigger.