Incidence, antimicrobial susceptibility & out of pocket expenditure of severe enteric fever in Chandigarh, north India

Abstract

Background & objectives Burden estimates of enteric fever are required to make policy decisions on introducing typhoid vaccine in India. Incidence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) of enteric fever are estimated in Chandigarh, India. Methods A hybrid (facility and community-based) surveillance system was set up at a secondary care hospital to enrol patients above six months of age, hospitalized with fever, from a defined catchment population from May 2018 to March 2020. Blood samples were collected and cultured using an automated system (BD BACTECTM blood culture system). The Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility. OOPE was recorded after 14 and 28 days of discharge. Results Blood samples were collected from 97 per cent of the 1650 study participants enrolled. The incidence of enteric fever was 226.8 per 1,00,000 person-years (PY), severe typhoid fever 156.9 per 1,00,000 PY, and severe paratyphoid fever 69.9 per 1,00,000 PY. Salmonella was highly susceptible to ampicillin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone (99.25%) and least susceptible to ciprofloxacin (11.3%). The OOPE due to hospitalization of individuals infected with S. Paratyphi [INR 8696.6 (USD 116)] was significantly higher than the individuals infected with S. Typhi [INR 7309 (USD 97.5), P=0.01], and among cases who were hospitalized for more than seven days [INR 12,251 (USD 163.3)] as compared with those with a stay of 3-7 days [INR 8038.2 (USD 107.2)] or less than three days [INR 5327.8 (USD 71), P<0.001]. Interpretation & conclusions There was a high incidence of enteric fever, high OOPE, and resistance to ciprofloxacin.