Efficacy of a pre-specified timeline-based treatment protocol in children with acute repetitive seizures or seizure clusters

Abstract

Objectives: Acute repetitive seizures (ARSs) are one of the few commonly encountered neurological emergencies in children. There is a need for an appropriate timeline-based treatment protocol, which will be shown to be safe and efficacious in a clinical study. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective chart review to determine the efficacy of a pre-specified treatment protocol for the management of ARSs in children aged 1–18 years. The treatment protocol was specifically applied in children with a diagnosis of epilepsy and not critically ill, who met the criteria for ARSs, with the exemption of new onset of ARSs. The first tier of treatment protocol focused on intravenous lorazepam, optimization of dose of existing anti-seizure medications (ASMs), and control of triggers like acute febrile illness, while second-tier focused on adding one or two additional ASMs, commonly used in cases with seizure clusters or status epilepticus. Results: We included the first 100 consecutive patients (7.6 ± 3.2 years, 63% boys). Our treatment protocol was successful in 89 patients (58 and 31 required first-tier and second-tier treatment). The absence of pre-existing drug-resistant epilepsy and the presence of acute febrile illness as a triggering factor (P = 0.02 and 0.03) were associated with the success of the first tier of the treatment protocol. Excessive sedation (n = 29), incoordination (n = 14), transient gait instability (n = 11), and excessive irritability (n = 5) were the most common adverse effects observed during the initial 1 week. Conclusion: This pre-specified treatment protocol is safe and efficacious in controlling ARSs in cases with established epilepsy who are not critically sick. External validation from other parts of the world/centers and a more diverse epilepsy population are required before generalizing the protocol into clinical practice.