Emerging therapies targeting cardiovascular risk factors to prevent or delay the onset of heart failure

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a significant global health concern, contributing to nearly 30% of global deaths. Its prevalence is on the rise, necessitating a deeper understanding of associated risk factors including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and diabetes. Addressing these risk factors is crucial in preventing or slowing the onset of heart failure (HF), a complex chronic condition with high morbidity and mortality rates. This review aims to explore innovative strategies for preventing or delaying HF, focusing on cardiovascular risk (CV) factors. Specifically, it delves into the link between hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, and HF emphasizing the importance of identifying new therapeutic approaches. A comprehensive examination of existing literature, clinical trials, and experimental models forms the basis of this review providing insights into the interconnected nature of cardiovascular risk factors and the efficacy of combination therapies. Evidence from diverse sources supports the adoption of a multifaceted approach to HF prevention. The review underscores the complex associations between hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, and HF highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic interventions. Clinical trials demonstrate promising outcomes with synergistic therapies such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors showcasing improved efficacy over single-agent interventions. In conclusion, adopting a multifaceted approach to HF prevention considering the interplay of various risk factors. Such an approach holds the potential for substantial benefits including simultaneous targeting of multiple pathways, individualized care, enhanced patient motivation, and reduced healthcare costs. Further research should focus on optimizing combination therapies and identifying patient population that stands to gain the most from these interventions providing a pathway towards improved cardiovascular health globally.