Clinical Outcome Measures in Addiction Psychiatry

Abstract

Background and Aims Several outcome measures have been utilized in addiction psychiatry. This paper discusses the various aspects of consideration for utilization and critical scrutiny of outcome measures used for various purposes in addiction psychiatry. Methods We followed a narrative review methodology to describe the various facets of outcome measures used, including the types of outcome measures, target respondents, validity, and applicability of the outcome measures. Results Varied forms of outcome measures have been used in addiction psychiatry, which can be schematically divided into substance use frequency and/or amount, the impact of substance use on functioning, quality of life, broad functioning measures, costs incurred on substance use, recovery capital, and recovery, composite directed measures self-report, diagnostic instruments, ecological momentary assessment, biochemical verification, and other ancillary outcomes. Each of the methods has its own strengths and contextual utility. One would also need to consider cultural aspects and purported utility while planning and implementing outcome measures. Conclusion Outcome measures have an important role in demonstrating effect and facilitating comparisons in addiction psychiatry, both in clinical trials and non-trial situations. Careful considerations for choosing outcome measures would enhance their utility.