Affiliation:
1. Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Chagas' disease results from infection with
Trypanosoma cruzi
, a protozoan parasite that establishes systemic intracellular infection after mucosal invasion. We hypothesized that ideal vaccines for mucosally invasive, intracellular pathogens like
T. cruzi
should induce mucosal type 2 immunity for optimal induction of protective secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and systemic type 1 immunity protective against intracellular replication. However, differential mucosal and systemic immune memory could be difficult to induce because of reciprocal inhibitory actions between type 1 and type 2 responses. To test our hypotheses, we investigated the protective effects of type 1 and type 2 biased vaccines against mucosal and systemic
T. cruzi
challenges. Intranasal vaccinations were given with recombinant interleukin-12 (IL-12)- and IL-4-neutralizing antibody (Ab) for type 1 immune bias, or recombinant IL-4 and gamma interferon-neutralizing Ab for type 2 immune bias. Cytokine RNA and protein studies confirmed that highly polarized memory immune responses were induced by our vaccination protocols. Survival after virulent subcutaneous
T. cruzi
challenge was used to assess systemic protection. Mucosal protection was assessed by measuring the relative inhibition of parasite replication in mucosal tissues early after oral
T. cruzi
challenge, using both PCR and quantitative culture techniques. As expected, only type 1 responses protected against systemic challenges (
P
< 0.01). However, contrary to our original hypothesis, type 1 responses optimally protected against mucosal challenges as well (
P
< 0.05). Type 1 and type 2 biased vaccines induced similar secretory IgA responses. We conclude that future vaccines for
T. cruzi
and possibly other mucosally invasive, intracellular pathogens should induce both mucosal and systemic type 1 immunity.
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Subject
Infectious Diseases,Immunology,Microbiology,Parasitology
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