RIG-I-Like Receptor and Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways Cause Aberrant Production of Inflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines in a Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection Mouse Model

Abstract

ABSTRACT Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a tick-borne phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae , SFTS virus (SFTSV). Wild-type and type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor 1-deficient (IFNAR1 −/− ) mice have been established as nonlethal and lethal models of SFTSV infection, respectively. However, the mechanisms of IFN-I production in vivo and the factors causing the lethal disease are not well understood. Using bone marrow-chimeric mice, we found that IFN-I signaling in hematopoietic cells was essential for survival of lethal SFTSV infection. The disruption of IFN-I signaling in hematopoietic cells allowed an increase in viral loads in serum and produced an excess of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The production of IFN-I and inflammatory cytokines was abolished by deletion of the signaling molecules IPS-1 and MyD88, essential for retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, respectively. However, IPS-1 −/− MyD88 −/− mice exhibited resistance to lethal SFTS with a moderate viral load in serum. Taken together, these results indicate that adequate activation of RLR and TLR signaling pathways under low to moderate levels of viremia contributed to survival through the IFN-I-dependent antiviral response during SFTSV infection, whereas overactivation of these signaling pathways under high levels of viremia resulted in abnormal induction of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, causing the lethal disease. IMPORTANCE SFTSV causes a severe infectious disease in humans, with a high fatality rate of 12 to 30%. To know the pathogenesis of the virus, we need to clarify the innate immune response as a front line of defense against viral infection. Here, we report that a lethal animal model showed abnormal induction of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by an uncontrolled innate immune response, which triggered the lethal SFTS. Our findings suggest a new strategy to target inflammatory humoral factors to treat patients with severe SFTS. Furthermore, this study may help the investigation of other tick-borne viruses.