Structural Insights into l -Tryptophan Dehydrogenase from a Photoautotrophic Cyanobacterium, Nostoc punctiforme

Abstract

ABSTRACT l -Tryptophan dehydrogenase from Nostoc punctiforme NIES-2108 (NpTrpDH), despite exhibiting high amino acid sequence identity (>30%)/homology (>50%) with NAD(P) + -dependent l -Glu/ l -Leu/ l -Phe/ l -Val dehydrogenases, exclusively catalyzes reversible oxidative deamination of l -Trp to 3-indolepyruvate in the presence of NAD + . Here, we determined the crystal structure of the apo form of NpTrpDH. The structure of the NpTrpDH monomer, which exhibited high similarity to that of l -Glu/ l -Leu/ l -Phe dehydrogenases, consisted of a substrate-binding domain (domain I, residues 3 to 133 and 328 to 343) and an NAD + /NADH-binding domain (domain II, residues 142 to 327) separated by a deep cleft. The apo-NpTrpDH existed in an open conformation, where domains I and II were apart from each other. The subunits dimerized themselves mainly through interactions between amino acid residues around the β-1 strand of each subunit, as was observed in the case of l -Phe dehydrogenase. The binding site for the substrate l -Trp was predicted by a molecular docking simulation and validated by site-directed mutagenesis. Several hydrophobic residues, which were located in the active site of NpTrpDH and possibly interacted with the side chain of the substrate l -Trp, were arranged similarly to that found in l -Leu/ l -Phe dehydrogenases but fairly different from that of an l -Glu dehydrogenase. Our crystal structure revealed that Met-40, Ala-69, Ile-74, Ile-110, Leu-288, Ile-289, and Tyr-292 formed a hydrophobic cluster around the active site. The results of the site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggested that the hydrophobic cluster plays critical roles in protein folding, l -Trp recognition, and catalysis. Our results provide critical information for further characterization and engineering of this enzyme. IMPORTANCE In this study, we determined the three-dimensional structure of l -Trp dehydrogenase, analyzed its various site-directed substitution mutants at residues located in the active site, and obtained the following informative results. Several residues in the active site form a hydrophobic cluster, which may be a part of the hydrophobic core essential for protein folding. To our knowledge, there is no previous report demonstrating that a hydrophobic cluster in the active site of any l -amino acid dehydrogenase may have a critical impact on protein folding. Furthermore, our results suggest that this hydrophobic cluster could strictly accommodate l -Trp. These studies show the structural characteristics of l -Trp dehydrogenase and hence would facilitate novel applications of l -Trp dehydrogenase.