Escherichia coli possessing the dihydroxyacetone phosphate shunt utilize 5′-deoxynucleosides for growth

Abstract

ABSTRACT All organisms utilize S -adenosyl- l- methionine (SAM) as a key co-substrate for the methylation of biological molecules, the synthesis of polyamines, and radical SAM reactions. When these processes occur, 5′-deoxy-nucleosides are formed as byproducts such as S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine, 5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA), and 5′-deoxyadenosine (5dAdo). A prevalent pathway found in bacteria for the metabolism of MTA and 5dAdo is the dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) shunt, which converts these compounds into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 2-methylthioacetaldehyde or acetaldehyde, respectively. Previous work in other organisms has shown that the DHAP shunt can enable methionine synthesis from MTA or serve as an MTA and 5dAdo detoxification pathway. Rather, the DHAP shunt in Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, when introduced into E. coli K-12, enables the use of 5dAdo and MTA as a carbon source for growth. When MTA is the substrate, the sulfur component is not significantly recycled back to methionine but rather accumulates as 2-methylthioethanol, which is slowly oxidized non-enzymatically under aerobic conditions. The DHAP shunt in ATCC 25922 is active under oxic and anoxic conditions. Growth using 5-deoxy- d -ribose was observed during aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration with Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), but not during fermentation or respiration with nitrate. This suggests the DHAP shunt may only be relevant for extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli lineages with the DHAP shunt that inhabit oxic or TMAO-rich extraintestinal environments. This reveals a heretofore overlooked role of the DHAP shunt in carbon and energy metabolism from ubiquitous SAM utilization byproducts and suggests a similar role may occur in other pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria with the DHAP shunt. IMPORTANCE The acquisition and utilization of organic compounds that serve as growth substrates are essential for Escherichia coli to grow and multiply. Ubiquitous enzymatic reactions involving S-adenosyl- l -methionine as a co-substrate by all organisms result in the formation of the 5′-deoxy-nucleoside byproducts, 5′-methylthioadenosine and 5′-deoxyadenosine. All E. coli possess a conserved nucleosidase that cleaves these 5′-deoxy-nucleosides into 5-deoxy-pentose sugars for adenine salvage. The DHAP shunt pathway is found in some extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli , but its function in E. coli possessing it has remained unknown. This study reveals that the DHAP shunt enables the utilization of 5′-deoxy-nucleosides and 5-deoxy-pentose sugars as growth substrates in E. coli strains with the pathway during aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration with TMAO, but not fermentative growth. This provides an insight into the diversity of sugar compounds accessible by E. coli with the DHAP shunt and suggests that the DHAP shunt is primarily relevant in oxic or TMAO-rich extraintestinal environments.