Characterization of the Inflammatory Response Evoked by Bacterial Membrane Vesicles in Intestinal Cells Reveals an RIPK2-Dependent Activation by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vesicles

Abstract

The release of membrane vesicles from the bacterial cell surface is highly conserved among most bacterial species, including outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria as well as vesicles liberated from the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. It is becoming increasingly evident that these multifactorial spheres, carrying membranous, periplasmic, and even cytosolic content, contribute to intra- and interspecies communication.