Two-sided effects of the organic phosphorus phytate on a globally important marine coccolithophorid phytoplankton

Abstract

ABSTRACT Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) is a potential source of aquatic eutrophication and pollution because it can potentially stimulate growth in some species and inhibit growth in other species of algae, the foundation of the marine ecosystem. Inositol hexaphosphate (also named phytic acid or PA), an abundant organophosphate, is presumably ubiquitous in the marine environment, but how it affects marine primary producers is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the bioavailability of this DOP to the cosmopolitan coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi . Our results showed that E . huxleyi cells can take up PA and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) simultaneously. Absorbed PA can efficiently support algal growth, producing cell yield between DIP and phosphorus (P)-depleted conditions. Accordingly, PA supply as the sole P source highly influences cellular metabolism and nutrient stoichiometry. Particularly, PA-grown cultures exhibited enhanced carbon fixation, increased lipid content, activated energy metabolism, and induced nitrogen assimilation. However, our data suggest that PA may also exert some levels of toxic effects on E. huxleyi . This study provides novel insights into the variable effects of a DOP on marine phytoplankton, which will inform new inquiries about how the complex DOP constituencies in the ocean will shape phytoplankton community structure and function. IMPORTANCE The dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) utilization in phytoplankton plays vital roles in cellular P homeostasis, P-nutrient niche, and the dynamics of community structure in marine ecosystems, but its mechanisms, potentially varying with species, are far from clear. In this study, we investigated the utilization of a widespread DOP species, which is commonly produced by plants (land plants and marine macrophytes) and released into coastal areas, in a globally distributed bloom-forming coccolithophore species in various phosphorus environments. Using a combination of physiological and transcriptomic measurements and analyses, our experimental results revealed the complex mechanism and two-sided effects of DOP (major algal growth-supporting and minor toxic effects) in this species, providing a novel perspective on phytoplankton nutrient regulation.