Varying Flavobacterium psychrophilum shedding dynamics in three bacterial coldwater disease-susceptible salmonid (Family Salmonidae ) species

Abstract

ABSTRACT Flavobacterium psychrophilum causes bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) and is responsible for substantial losses in farm and hatchery-reared salmonids (Family Salmonidae ). Although F. psychrophilum infects multiple economically important salmonids and is transmitted horizontally, the extent of knowledge regarding F. psychrophilum shedding rates and duration is limited to rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Concurrently, hundreds of F. psychrophilum sequence types (STs) have been described using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and evidence suggests that some variants have distinct phenotypes, including differences in host associations. Whether shedding dynamics differ among F. psychrophilum variants and/or salmonids remains unknown. Thus, three F. psychrophilum isolates (e.g., US19, US62, and US87) in three MLST STs (e.g., ST13, ST277, and ST275) with apparent host associations for coho salmon ( O. kisutch ), Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ), or rainbow trout were intramuscularly injected into each respective fish species. Shedding rates of live and dead fish were determined by quantifying F. psychrophilum loads in water via quantitative PCR. Both live and dead Atlantic and coho salmon shed F. psychrophilum , as did live and dead rainbow trout. Regardless of salmonid species, dead fish shed F. psychrophilum at higher rates (e.g., up to ~10 8 –10 10 cells/fish/hour) compared to live fish (up to ~10 7 –10 9 cells/fish/hour) and for a longer duration (5–35 days vs 98 days); however, shedding dynamics varied by F. psychrophilum variant and/or host species, a matter that may complicate BCWD management. Findings herein expand knowledge on F. psychrophilum shedding dynamics across multiple salmonid species and can be used to inform future BCWD management strategies. IMPORTANCE Flavobacterium psychrophilum causes bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome, both of which cause substantial losses in farmed and hatchery-reared salmon and trout populations worldwide. This study provides insight into F. psychrophilum shedding dynamics in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and, for the first time, coho salmon ( O. kisutch ) and Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). Findings revealed that live and dead fish of all fish species shed the bacterium. However, dead fish shed F. psychrophilum at higher rates than living fish, emphasizing the importance of removing dead fish in farms and hatcheries. Furthermore, shedding dynamics may differ according to F. psychrophilum genetic variant and/or fish species, a matter that may complicate BCWD management. Overall, study results provide deeper insight into F. psychrophilum shedding dynamics and will guide future BCWD management strategies.