Staphylococcus aureus suppresses the pentose phosphate pathway in human neutrophils via the adenosine receptor A2aR to enhance intracellular survival

Abstract

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus propensity for intracellular survival presents a challenge to effectively treat infection, with significant evidence suggesting S. aureus can hijack phagocytes for host dissemination, worsening clinical outcomes. Human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (hPMN) have been identified as an important conduit for the intracellular survival of S. aureus, yet this immune evasion mechanism remains incompletely understood. Multiplex gene expression analysis was used to profile the gene expression of hPMN harboring intracellular S. aureus and found that the anti-inflammatory adenosine receptor, adora2a (A2aR), was upregulated along with several A2aR- associated genes. Importantly, treatment with the A2aR inhibitor, ZM-241385, reduced intracellular survival of S. aureus within hPMN while enhancing ROS production and neutrophil extracellular traps. This suggests that S. aureus uses A2aR to dampen hPMN effector functions as a mechanism to boost intracellular survival. A2aR inhibition led to a metabolic switch from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in hPMN, which facilitated an increase in NADPH levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Taken together, our work highlights the importance of the A2aR, which is targeted by S. aureus to suppress the PPP, limiting ROS production, and thus creating a more hospitable intracellular niche in which to survive. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of antimicrobial-resistant infections whose success as a pathogen is facilitated by its massive array of immune evasion tactics, including intracellular survival within critical immune cells such as neutrophils, the immune system’s first line of defense. In this study, we describe a novel pathway by which intracellular S. aureus can suppress the antimicrobial capabilities of human neutrophils by using the anti-inflammatory adenosine receptor, adora2a (A2aR). We show that signaling through A2aR suppresses the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway used to fuel the antimicrobial NADPH oxidase complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). As such, neutrophils show enhanced ROS production and reduced intracellular S. aureus when treated with an A2aR inhibitor. Taken together, we identify A2aR as a potential therapeutic target for combatting intracellular S. aureus infection.