Akinetes May Be Representative of Past Nostocalean Blooms: a Case Study of Their Benthic Spatiotemporal Distribution and Potential for Germination in a Eutrophic Lake

Abstract

ABSTRACT Monitoring of water and surface sediment in a French eutrophic lake (Lake Aydat) was carried out over a 2-year period in order to determine whether akinetes in sediment could be representative of the most recent bloom and to estimate their germination potential. Sediment analysis revealed two akinete species, Dolichospermum macrosporum and Dolichospermum flos-aquae , present in the same proportions as observed for the pelagic populations. Moreover, similar spatial patterns observed for vegetative cells in the water column and akinete distributions in the sediment suggest that akinetes in the sediment may be representative of the previous bloom. However, the relationship between akinetes in the sediment and vegetative cells in the water column was not linear, and other factors may interfere. For example, our results highlighted horizontal transport of akinetes during the winter. The benthic overwinter phase did not seem to influence the percentages of intact akinetes, which remained stable at approximately 7% and 60% for D. macrosporum and D. flos-aquae , respectively. These percentages may thus be the result of processes that occurred in the water column. The intact overwintering akinetes showed germination rates of up to 90% after 72 h for D. flos-aquae or 144 h for D. macrosporum . The difference in akinete germination rates between these two species demonstrates different ecological strategies, which serve to expand the window for germination in time and space and thus optimize colonization of the water column by nostocalean cyanobacteria. IMPORTANCE Cyanobacteria have the ability to proliferate and to form blooms. These blooms can then affect the local ecology, health, and economy. The akinete, a resistant cell type that persists in sediment, is an important intermediate phase between previous and future blooms. We monitored the water column and the surface sediment of a French eutrophic lake (Lake Aydat) to investigate the relationship between vegetative cells in the water column and akinetes in the sediment. This study focused on the characterization of spatiotemporal akinete distributions, cellular integrity, and germination potential. Species-specific ecological strategies were highlighted and may partly explain the temporal succession of species in the water column. Akinetes may also be used to understand past nostocalean blooms and to predict future ones.