γδ T Cells but Not NK Cells Are Essential for Cell-Mediated Immunity against Plasmodium chabaudi Malaria

Abstract

ABSTRACT Blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi infections are suppressed by antibody-mediated immunity and/or cell-mediated immunity (CMI). To determine the contributions of NK cells and γδ T cells to protective immunity, C57BL/6 (wild-type [WT]) mice and B-cell-deficient (J H −/− ) mice were infected with P. chabaudi and depleted of NK cells or γδ T cells with monoclonal antibody. The time courses of parasitemia in NK-cell-depleted WT mice and J H −/− mice were similar to those of control mice, indicating that deficiencies in NK cells, NKT cells, or CD8 + T cells had little effect on parasitemia. In contrast, high levels of noncuring parasitemia occurred in J H −/− mice depleted of γδ T cells. Depletion of γδ T cells during chronic parasitemia in B-cell-deficient J H −/− mice resulted in an immediate and marked exacerbation of parasitemia, suggesting that γδ T cells have a direct killing effect in vivo on blood-stage parasites. Cytokine analyses revealed that levels of interleukin-10, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in the sera of γδ T-cell-depleted mice were significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased compared to hamster immunoglobulin-injected controls, but these cytokine levels were similar in NK-cell-depleted mice and their controls. The time courses of parasitemia in CCR2 −/− and J H −/− × CCR2 −/− mice and in their controls were nearly identical, indicating that MCP-1 is not required for the control of parasitemia. Collectively, these data indicate that the suppression of acute P. chabaudi infection by CMI is γδ T cell dependent, is independent of NK cells, and may be attributed to the deficient IFN-γ response seen early in γδ T-cell-depleted mice.