Identification of a membrane fusion domain and an oligomerization domain in the baculovirus GP64 envelope fusion protein

Abstract

The baculovirus GP64 envelope fusion protein (GP64 EFP) is the major envelope glycoprotein of the budded virion and has been shown to mediate acid-triggered membrane fusion both in virions and when expressed alone in transfected cells. Using site-directed mutagenesis and functional assays for oligomerization, transport, and membrane fusion, we localized two functional domains of GP64 EFP. To identify a fusion domain in the GP64 EFP of the Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV), we examined two hydrophobic regions in the GP64 EFP ectodomain. Hydrophobic region I (amino acids 223 to 228) is a cluster of 6 hydrophobic amino acids exhibiting the highest local hydrophobicity in the ectodomain. Hydrophobic region II (amino acids 330 to 338) lies within a conserved region of GP64 EFP that contains a heptad repeat of leucine residues and is predicted to form an amphipathic alpha-helix. In region I, nonconservative amino acid substitutions at Leu-226 and Leu-227 (at the center of the hydrophobic cluster) completely abolished fusion activity but did not prevent GP64 EFP oligomerization or surface localization. To confirm the role of region I in membrane fusion activity, we used a synthetic 21-amino-acid peptide to generate polyclonal antibodies against region I and demonstrated that antipeptide antibodies were capable of both neutralizing membrane fusion activity and reducing infectivity of the virus. In hydrophobic region II, mutations were designed to disrupt several structural characteristics: a heptad repeat of leucine, a predicted alpha-helix, or the local hydrophobicity along one face of the helix. Single alanine substitutions for heptad leucines did not prevent oligomerization, transport, or fusion activity. However, multiple alanine substitutions or proline (helix-destabilizing) substitutions disrupted both oligomerization and transport of GP64 EFP. In addition, a deletion that removed region II and the predicted alpha-helix was defective for oligomerization, whereas a larger deletion that retained region II and the predicted helix was oligomerized. These results indicate that region II is required for oligomerization and transport and suggest that the predicted helical structure of this region may be important for this function. Thus, by using mutagenesis, functional assays, and antibody inhibition, two functional domains were localized within the baculovirus GP64 EFP: a fusion domain located at amino acids 223 to 228 and an oligomerization domain located at amino acids 327 to 335 within a predicted amphipathic alpha-helix.