Affiliation:
1. Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Vibrio vulnificus
is a seafood-borne pathogen that destroys the intestinal epithelium, leading to rapid bacterial dissemination and death. The most important virulence factor is the multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin comprised of effector domains in the center region flanked by long repeat-containing regions which are well conserved among MARTX toxins and predicted to translocate effector domains. Here, we examined the role of the repeat-containing regions using a modified
V. vulnificus
MARTX (MARTX
Vv
) toxin generated by replacing all the internal effector domains with β-lactamase (Bla). Bla activity was detected in secretions from the bacterium and also in the cytosol of intoxicated epithelial cells. The modified MARTX
Vv
toxin without effector domains retained its necrotic activity but lost its cell-rounding activity. Further, deletion of the carboxyl-terminal repeat-containing region blocked toxin secretion from the bacterium. Deletion of the amino-terminal repeat-containing region had no effect on secretion but completely abolished translocation and necrosis. Neither secretion nor translocation was affected by enzymatically inactivating the cysteine protease domain of the toxin. These data demonstrate that the amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal repeat-containing regions of the MARTX
Vv
toxin are necessary and sufficient for the delivery of effector domains and epithelial cell lysis
in vitro
but that effector domains are required for other cytopathic functions. Furthermore, Ca
2+
-dependent secretion of the modified MARTX
Vv
toxin suggests that nonclassical RTX-like repeats found in the carboxyl-terminal repeat-containing region are functionally similar to classical RTX repeats found in other RTX proteins.
IMPORTANCE
Up to 95% of deaths from seafood-borne infections in the United States are due solely to one pathogen,
V. vulnificus
. Among its various virulence factors, the MARTX
Vv
toxin has been characterized as a critical exotoxin for successful pathogenesis of
V. vulnificus
in mouse infection models. Similarly to MARTX toxins of other pathogens, MARTX
Vv
toxin is comprised of repeat-containing regions, central effector domains, and an autoprocessing cysteine protease domain. Yet how each of these regions contributes to essential activities of the toxins has not been fully identified for any of MARTX toxins. Using modified MARTX
Vv
toxin fused with β-lactamase as a reporter enzyme, the portion(s) responsible for toxin secretion from bacteria, effector domain translocation into host cells, rapid host cell rounding, and necrotic host cell death was identified. The results are relevant for understanding how MARTX
Vv
toxin serves as both a necrotic pore-forming toxin and an effector delivery platform.
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Cited by
51 articles.
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