Vitamin D Compounds Are Bactericidal against Streptococcus mutans and Target the Bacitracin-Associated Efflux System

Abstract

ABSTRACT Vitamin D analogs were identified as compounds that induced lysis of planktonic cultures of Streptococcus mutans in a high-throughput screen of FDA-approved drugs. Previous studies have demonstrated that certain derivatives of vitamin D possess lytic activity against other bacteria, though the mechanism has not yet been established. Through the use of a combinatorial approach, the vitamin D derivative doxercalciferol was shown to act synergistically with bacitracin, a polypeptide-type drug that is known to interfere with cell wall synthesis, suggesting that doxercalciferol may act in a bacitracin-related pathway. Innate resistance to bacitracin is attributed to efflux by a conserved ABC-type transporter, which in S. mutans is encoded by the mbrABCD operon. S. mutans possesses two characterized mechanisms of resistance to bacitracin, the ABC transporter, S. mutans bacitracin resistance (Mbr) cassette, consisting of MbrABCD, and the rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide (Rgp) system, RgpABCDEFGHI. Loss of function of the transporter in ΔmbrA and ΔmbrD mutants exacerbated the effect of the combination of doxercalciferol and bacitracin. Despite conservation of a transporter homologous to mbrABCD , the combination of doxercalciferol and bacitracin appeared to be synergistic only in streptococcal species. We conclude that vitamin D derivatives possess lytic activity against S. mutans and act through a mechanism dependent on the bacitracin resistance mechanism of MbrABCD.