Enzymatic Assimilation of Cyanide via Pterin-Dependent Oxygenolytic Cleavage to Ammonia and Formate in Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764

Abstract

ABSTRACT Utilization of cyanide as a nitrogen source by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764 occurs via oxidative conversion to carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the latter compound satisfying the nitrogen requirement. Substrate attack is initiated by cyanide oxygenase (CNO), which has been shown previously to have properties of a pterin-dependent hydroxylase. CNO was purified 71-fold and catalyzed the quantitative conversion of cyanide supplied at micromolar concentrations (10 to 50 μM) to formate and ammonia. The specific activity of the partially purified enzyme was approximately 500 mU/mg of protein. The pterin requirement for activity could be satisfied by supplying either the fully (tetrahydro) or partially (dihydro) reduced forms of various pterin compounds at catalytic concentrations (0.5 μM). These compounds included, for example, biopterin, monapterin, and neopterin, all of which were also identified in cell extracts. Substrate conversion was accompanied by the consumption of 1 and 2 molar equivalents of molecular oxygen and NADH, respectively. When coupled with formate dehydrogenase, the complete enzymatic system for cyanide oxidation to carbon dioxide and ammonia was reconstituted and displayed an overall reaction stoichiometry of 1:1:1 for cyanide, O 2 , and NADH consumed. Cyanide was also attacked by CNO at a higher concentration (1 mM), but in this case formamide accumulated as the major reaction product (formamide/formate ratio, 0.6:0.3) and was not further degraded. A complex reaction mechanism involving the production of isocyanate as a potential CNO monooxygenation product is proposed. Subsequent reduction of isocyanate to formamide, whose hydrolysis occurs as a CNO-bound intermediate, is further envisioned. To our knowledge, this is the first report of enzymatic conversion of cyanide to formate and ammonia by a pterin-dependent oxygenative mechanism.