Sulfur-Oxidizing Symbionts without Canonical Genes for Autotrophic CO 2 Fixation

Author:

Seah Brandon K. B.1ORCID,Antony Chakkiath Paul1ORCID,Huettel Bruno2ORCID,Zarzycki Jan3ORCID,Schada von Borzyskowski Lennart3ORCID,Erb Tobias J.3ORCID,Kouris Angela4ORCID,Kleiner Manuel5ORCID,Liebeke Manuel1ORCID,Dubilier Nicole16ORCID,Gruber-Vodicka Harald R.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany

2. Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany

3. Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany

4. Energy Bioengineering and Geomicrobiology Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

5. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

6. MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Abstract

Many animals and protists depend on symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as their main food source. These bacteria use energy from oxidizing inorganic sulfur compounds to make biomass autotrophically from CO 2 , serving as primary producers for their hosts. Here we describe a clade of nonautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, “ Candidatus Kentron,” associated with marine ciliates. They lack genes for known autotrophic pathways and have a carbon stable isotope fingerprint heavier than other symbionts from similar habitats. Instead, they have the potential to oxidize sulfur to fuel the uptake of organic compounds for heterotrophic growth, a metabolic mode called chemolithoheterotrophy that is not found in other symbioses. Although several symbionts have heterotrophic features to supplement primary production, in Kentron they appear to supplant it entirely.

Funder

Max Planck Society

Alexander von Humboldt Foundation

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

European Commission

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

North Carolina State University

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Virology,Microbiology

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