The Sinorhizobium meliloti SyrM Regulon: Effects on Global Gene Expression Are Mediated by syrA and nodD3

Abstract

ABSTRACT In Sinorhizobium meliloti , three NodD transcriptional regulators activate bacterial nodulation ( nod ) gene expression. NodD1 and NodD2 require plant compounds to activate nod genes. The NodD3 protein does not require exogenous compounds to activate nod gene expression; instead, another transcriptional regulator, SyrM, activates nodD3 expression. In addition, NodD3 can activate syrM expression. SyrM also activates expression of another gene, syrA , which when overexpressed causes a dramatic increase in exopolysaccharide production. In a previous study, we identified more than 200 genes with altered expression in a strain overexpressing nodD3 . In this work, we define the transcriptomes of strains overexpressing syrM or syrA . The syrM , nodD3 , and syrA overexpression transcriptomes share similar gene expression changes; analyses imply that nodD3 and syrA are the only targets directly activated by SyrM. We propose that most of the gene expression changes observed when nodD3 is overexpressed are due to NodD3 activation of syrM expression, which in turn stimulates SyrM activation of syrA expression. The subsequent increase in SyrA abundance results in broad changes in gene expression, most likely mediated by the ChvI-ExoS-ExoR regulatory circuit. IMPORTANCE Symbioses with bacteria are prevalent across the animal and plant kingdoms. Our system of study, the rhizobium-legume symbiosis ( Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago spp.), involves specific host-microbe signaling, differentiation in both partners, and metabolic exchange of bacterial fixed nitrogen for host photosynthate. During this complex developmental process, both bacteria and plants undergo profound changes in gene expression. The S. meliloti SyrM-NodD3-SyrA and ChvI-ExoS-ExoR regulatory circuits affect gene expression and are important for optimal symbiosis. In this study, we defined the transcriptomes of S. meliloti overexpressing SyrM or SyrA. In addition to identifying new targets of the SyrM-NodD3-SyrA regulatory circuit, our work further suggests how it is linked to the ChvI-ExoS-ExoR regulatory circuit.