Systematic Analysis of Metallo-β-Lactamases Using an Automated Database

Abstract

ABSTRACT Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, resulting in bacterial resistance to these drugs. These proteins have caused concerns due to their facile transference, broad substrate spectra, and the absence of clinically useful inhibitors. To facilitate the classification, nomenclature, and analysis of MBLs, an automated database system was developed, the Metallo-β-Lactamase Engineering Database (MBLED) ( http://www.mbled.uni-stuttgart.de ). It contains information on MBLs retrieved from the NCBI peptide database while strictly following the nomenclature by Jacoby and Bush ( http://www.lahey.org/Studies/ ) and the generally accepted class B β-lactamase (BBL) standard numbering scheme for MBLs. The database comprises 597 MBL protein sequences and enables systematic analyses of these sequences. A systematic analysis employing the database resulted in the generation of mutation profiles of assigned IMP- and VIM-type MBLs, the identification of five MBL protein entries from the NCBI peptide database that were inconsistent with the Jacoby and Bush nomenclature, and the identification of 15 new IMP candidates and 9 new VIM candidates. Furthermore, the database was used to identify residues with high mutation frequencies and variability (mutation hot spots) that were unexpectedly distant from the active site located in the ββ sandwich: positions 208 and 266 in the IMP family and positions 215 and 258 in the VIM family. We expect that the MBLED will be a valuable tool for systematically cataloguing and analyzing the increasing number of MBLs being reported.