Unraveling the Complexities of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Autophosphorylation

Author:

Neal Jessica A.1,Sugiman-Marangos Seiji2,VanderVere-Carozza Pamela3,Wagner Mike34,Turchi John35,Lees-Miller Susan P.6,Junop Murray S.2,Meek Katheryn1

Affiliation:

1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

2. Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

3. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

4. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

5. Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

6. Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Abstract

ABSTRACT DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) orchestrates DNA repair by regulating access to breaks through autophosphorylations within two clusters of sites (ABCDE and PQR). Blocking ABCDE phosphorylation (by alanine mutation) imparts a dominant negative effect, rendering cells hypersensitive to agents that cause DNA double-strand breaks. Here, a mutational approach is used to address the mechanistic basis of this dominant negative effect. Blocking ABCDE phosphorylation hypersensitizes cells to most types of DNA damage (base damage, cross-links, breaks, and damage induced by replication stress), suggesting that DNA-PK binds DNA ends that result from many DNA lesions and that blocking ABCDE phosphorylation sequesters these DNA ends from other repair pathways. This dominant negative effect requires DNA-PK's catalytic activity, as well as phosphorylation of multiple (non-ABCDE) DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) sites. PSIPRED analysis indicates that the ABCDE sites are located in the only contiguous extended region of this huge protein that is predicted to be disordered, suggesting a regulatory role(s) and perhaps explaining the large impact ABCDE phosphorylation has on the enzyme's function. Moreover, additional sites in this disordered region contribute to the ABCDE cluster. These data, coupled with recent structural data, suggest a model whereby early phosphorylations promote initiation of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), whereas ABCDE phosphorylations, potentially located in a “hinge” region between the two domains, lead to regulated conformational changes that initially promote NHEJ and eventually disengage NHEJ.

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Cell Biology,Molecular Biology

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