Mutation of mltG increases peptidoglycan fragment release, cell size, and antibiotic susceptibility in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Abstract

ABSTRACT Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae leads to inflammation that is responsible for the disease symptoms of gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. During growth, these bacteria release significant amounts of peptidoglycan (PG) fragments which elicit inflammatory responses in the human host. To better understand the mechanisms involved in PG synthesis and breakdown in N. gonorrhoeae , we characterized the effects of loss of function mutations in mltG . MltG has been identified in other bacterial species as a terminase that stops PG strand growth by cleaving the growing glycan. Mutation of mltG in N. gonorrhoeae did not affect bacterial growth rate but resulted in increased PG turnover, more cells of large size, decreased autolysis under non-growth conditions, and increased sensitivity to antibiotics that affect PG crosslinking. An mltG mutant released greatly increased amounts of PG monomers, PG dimers, and larger oligomers. In the mltG background, mutation of either ltgA or ltgD , encoding the lytic transglycosylases responsible for PG monomer liberation, resulted in wild-type levels of PG monomer release. Bacterial two-hybrid assays identified positive interactions of MltG with synthetic penicillin-binding proteins PBP1 and PBP2 and the PG-degrading endopeptidase PBP4 (PbpG). These data are consistent with MltG acting as a terminase in N. gonorrhoeae and suggest that the absence of MltG activity results in excessive PG growth and extra PG in the sacculus that must be degraded by lytic transglycosylases including LtgA and LtgD. Furthermore, the absence of MltG causes a cell wall defect that is manifested as large cell size and antibiotic sensitivity. IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae is unusual in that the bacteria release larger amounts of cell wall material as they grow as compared to related bacteria, and the released cell wall fragments induce inflammation that leads to tissue damage in infected people. The study of MltG revealed the importance of this enzyme for controlling cell wall growth, cell wall fragment production, and bacterial cell size and suggests a role for MltG in a cell wall synthesis and degradation complex. The increased antibiotic sensitivities of mltG mutants suggest that an antimicrobial drug inhibiting MltG would be useful in combination therapy to restore the sensitivity of the bacteria to cell wall targeting antibiotics to which the bacteria are currently resistant.