Deficiency in Ever2 does not increase susceptibility of mice to pathogenesis by the mouse papillomavirus, MmuPV1

Abstract

ABSTRACT Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genetic skin disorder that is characterized by the development of papillomavirus-induced skin lesions that can progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Certain high-risk, cutaneous β-genus human papillomaviruses (β-HPVs), in particular HPV5 and HPV8, are associated with inducing EV in individuals who have a homozygous mutation in one of three genes tied to this disease: EVER1 , EVER2 , or CIB1. EVER1 and EVER2 are also known as TMC6 and TMC8, respectively. Little is known about the biochemical activities of EVER gene products or their roles in facilitating EV in conjunction with β-HPV infection. To investigate the potential effect of EVER genes on papillomavirus infection, we pursued in vivo infection studies by infecting Ever2 -null mice with mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1). MmuPV1 shares characteristics with β-HPVs including similar genome organization, shared molecular activities of their early, E6 and E7, oncoproteins, the lack of a viral E5 gene, and the capacity to cause skin lesions that can progress to SCC. MmuPV1 infections were conducted both in the presence and absence of UVB irradiation, which is known to increase the risk of MmuPV1-induced pathogenesis. Infection with MmuPV1 induced skin lesions in both wild-type and Ever2 -null mice with and without UVB. Many lesions in both genotypes progressed to malignancy, and the disease severity did not differ between Ever2 -null and wild-type mice. However, somewhat surprisingly, lesion growth and viral transcription was decreased, and lesion regression was increased in Ever2 -null mice compared with wild-type mice. These studies demonstrate that Ever2 -null mice infected with MmuPV1 do not exhibit the same phenotype as human EV patients infected with β-HPVs. IMPORTANCE Humans with homozygous mutations in the EVER2 gene develop epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a disease characterized by predisposition to persistent β-genus human papillomavirus (β-HPV) skin infections, which can progress to skin cancer. To investigate how EVER2 confers protection from papillomaviruses, we infected the skin of homozygous Ever2 -null mice with mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1. Like in humans with EV, infected Ever2 -null mice developed skin lesions that could progress to cancer. Unlike in humans with EV, lesions in these Ever2 -null mice grew more slowly and regressed more frequently than in wild-type mice. MmuPV1 transcription was higher in wild-type mice than in Ever2 -null mice, indicating that mouse EVER2 does not confer protection from papillomaviruses. These findings suggest that there are functional differences between MmuPV1 and β-HPVs and/or between mouse and human EVER2.