Pharmacokinetics of Penicillin G in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonates

Abstract

ABSTRACT Data on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of penicillin G (PEN) in neonates date back to the 1970s and do not include data for very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates. The aim of this study was to describe the steady-state PKs and to establish an optimal regimen for the dosing of PEN in neonates with gestational ages of less than 28 weeks and birth weights of less than 1,200 g. Two PEN dosing regimens were studied: 50,000 IU (30 mg)/kg of body weight every 12 h (q12h) (group 1; n = 9) and 25,000 IU (15 mg)/kg q12h (group 2; n = 9). Samples for PK analysis were drawn before the injection of PEN and at 2 and 30 min and 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 h after intravenous injection of the third to eighth PEN doses. The PEN concentration was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection technique. The median peak and trough concentrations of PEN were 147 μg/ml (lower and upper quartiles, 109 and 157 μg/ml, respectively) and 7 μg/ml (lower and upper quartiles, 5 and 13 μg/ml, respectively) after administration of the dose of 50,000 IU and 59 μg/ml (lower and upper quartiles, 53 and 78 μg/ml, respectively) and 3 μg/ml (lower and upper quartiles, 3 and 4 μg/ml, respectively) after administration of the dose of 25,000 IU. The PEN half-life (median and lower and upper quartiles for group 1, 3.9 h and 3.3 and 7.0 h, respectively; median and lower and upper quartiles for group 2, 4.6 h and 3.8 and 5.6 h, respectively) was longer in VLBW neonates than in adults and term infants. PEN renal clearance correlated with creatinine clearance ( R 2 = 0.309596; P = 0.038). Only a median of 34% (lower and upper quartiles, 28 and 37%, respectively) of the administered dose was excreted in urine within the following 12 h. We conclude that in VLBW infants a PEN dose of 25,000 IU (15 mg)/kg q12h is safe and sufficient to achieve serum concentrations above the MIC 90 for group B streptococci for the entire dosing interval.