Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Growth of Proteolytic Clostridium botulinum , Its Ability To Produce Neurotoxin, and Its Transcriptome

Abstract

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial gas carbon dioxide is frequently used in modified atmosphere packaging. In the present study, the effects of CO 2 (10 to 70%, vol/vol) on gene expression (measured using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and a whole-genome DNA microarray) and neurotoxin formation (measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) by proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type A1 strain ATCC 3502 were studied during the growth cycle. Interestingly, in marked contrast to the situation with nonproteolytic C. botulinum types B and E, CO 2 had little effect on any of these parameters. At all CO 2 concentrations, relative expression of neurotoxin cluster genes peaked in the transition between exponential and stationary phases, with evidence of a second rise in expression in late stationary phase. Microarray analysis enabled identification of coding sequences whose expression profiles matched those of the neurotoxin cluster. Further research is needed to determine whether these are connected to neurotoxin formation or are merely growth phase associated.