Biodegradation of All Stereoisomers of the EDTA Substitute Iminodisuccinate by Agrobacterium tumefaciens BY6 Requires an Epimerase and a Stereoselective C-N Lyase

Abstract

ABSTRACT Biodegradation tests according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development standard 301F (manometric respirometry test) with technical iminodisuccinate (IDS) revealed ready biodegradability for all stereoisomers of IDS. The IDS-degrading strain Agrobacterium tumefaciens BY6 was isolated from activated sludge. The strain was able to grow on each IDS isomer as well as on Fe 2+ -, Mg 2+ -, and Ca 2+ -IDS complexes as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. In contrast, biodegradation of and growth on Mn 2+ -IDS were rather scant and very slow on Cu 2+ -IDS. Growth and turnover experiments with A. tumefaciens BY6 indicated that the isomer R,S-IDS is the preferred substrate. The IDS-degrading enzyme system isolated from this organism consists of an IDS-epimerase and a C-N lyase. The C-N lyase is stereospecific for the cleavage of R,S-IDS, generating d -aspartic acid and fumaric acid. The decisive enzyme for S,S-IDS and R,R-IDS degradation is the epimerase. It transforms S,S-IDS and R,R-IDS into R,S-IDS. Both enzymes do not require any cofactors. The two enzymes were purified and characterized, and the N-termini were sequenced. The purified lyase and also the epimerase catalyzed the transformation of alkaline earth metal-IDS complexes, while heavy metal-IDS complexes were transformed rather slowly or not at all. The observed mechanism for the complete mineralization of all IDS isomers involving an epimerase offers an interesting possibility of funneling all stereoisomers into a catabolic pathway initiated by a stereoselective lyase.