The atlastin ER morphogenic proteins promote formation of a membrane penetration site during non-enveloped virus entry

Abstract

ABSTRACT During entry, non-enveloped viruses penetrate a host membrane to cause infection, although how this is accomplished remains enigmatic. Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are non-enveloped DNA viruses that penetrate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol en route to the nucleus for infection. To penetrate the ER membrane, the prototype PyV simian virus 40 (SV40) induces formation of ER-escape sites, called foci, composed of repeating units of multi-tubular ER junctions where the virus is thought to exit. How SV40 triggers formation of the ER-foci harboring these multi-tubular ER junctions is unclear. Here, we show that the ER morphogenic atlastin 2 (ATL2) and ATL3 membrane proteins play critical roles in SV40 infection. Mechanistically, ATL3 mobilizes to the ER-foci where it deploys its GTPase-dependent membrane fusion activity to promote formation of multi-tubular ER junctions within the ER-foci. ATL3 also engages an SV40-containing membrane penetration complex. By contrast, ATL2 does not reorganize to the ER-foci. Instead, it supports the reticular ER morphology critical for the integrity of the ATL3-dependent membrane complex. Our findings illuminate how two host factors play distinct roles in the formation of an essential membrane penetration site for a non-enveloped virus. IMPORTANCE Membrane penetration by non-enveloped viruses, a critical infection step, remains enigmatic. The non-enveloped PyV simian virus 40 (SV40) penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol en route for infection. During ER-to-cytosol membrane penetration, SV40 triggers formation of ER-associated structures (called ER-foci) that function as the membrane penetration sites. Here, we discover a role of the ATL ER membrane proteins—known to shape the ER morphology—during SV40-induced ER-foci formation. These findings illuminate how a non-enveloped virus hijacks host components to construct a membrane penetration structure.