Metal selectivity of in situ microcolonies in biofilms of the Elbe river

Abstract

The ultrastructure of natural complex biofilm communities of the Elbe river grown in situ on microscopic glass coverslips was studied by using transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Characteristic microcolonies which measured between 3.3 and 9.3 microm in diameter were frequently observed. They had an outer envelope and harbored 6 to 30 cells. The cells formed short rods measuring 1.09 +/- 0.28 microm (n = 10) in length and 0.55 + 0.07 microm (n = 21) in width. They were surrounded by a thick layer of electron-transparent, nonosmicated matter, 120 to 300 nm thick. Individual cells exhibited a unique ultrastructural trait, namely, a concentric membrane stack which completely surrounded the cytoplasm. It consisted of three membrane doublets, which showed an overall thickness of 57 to 66 nm. The center-to-center spacing between two membrane doublets was 22.2 +/- 1.0 nm (n = 12). The bacterial cell wall seemed to be of the gram-negative type. The fact that upon shrinkage hexagonal clefts appeared proved the cells to be tightly packed, and septum formation by binary fissions was observed. All of these morphological details indicate that the cells within these microcolonies were actively growing and did not represent spore-like states. EDX analysis showed that only the electron-dense surface deposit of the microcolonies contained Mn and Fe in significant amounts, while these two elements were absent from the intercellular space and the cytoplasm of the microorganisms. In contrast, aluminum ions were able to penetrate the outer envelope of the microcolonies and were detected in the intercellular space. They were, however, completely absent from the microbial cytoplasm, indicating a filter cascade with respect to aluminum. From the ultrastructural data together with the deposition of iron and manganese on the microcolony surface, it appears that these organisms may belong to the genus Siderocapsa or Nitrosomonas. They do not precisely match any of the described species and may therefore represent a new species.