Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Reprogramming of CD4 + T-Cell Migration Provides a Mechanism for Lymphadenopathy

Abstract

ABSTRACT Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with decreases in peripheral CD4 + T cells and development of lymphadenopathy. The precise mechanisms by which HIV-1 induces these changes have not been elucidated. T-cell trafficking through lymphoid tissues is facilitated by CCL21-mediated entry and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated egress. Having previously determined that HIV-1 envelop glycoprotein, gp120, directly alters T-cell migration, we investigated whether gp120 without HIV-1 infection could influence the responses of CD4 + T cells to the signals involved in T-cell trafficking through lymph tissue. Incubation of normal human T cells with gp120 for 1 h resulted in reprogramming of CD4 T-cell migratory responses by increasing sensitivity to CCL20 and CCL21 and complete inhibition of migration to S1P. Incubation of human T cells with gp120 prior to injection into NOD.CB17- Prkdc scid /J mice resulted in increases in lymph node accumulation of CD4 + T cells, with reciprocal decreases in blood and spleen compared to T cells not exposed to gp120. The effects of gp120 required CD4 signaling mediated through p56 lck . These findings suggest that gp120 alone can alter CD4 + influx and efflux from lymph nodes in a fashion consistent with the development of lymphopenia and lymphadenopathy.