Group B Streptococcus type II polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine

Abstract

Group B streptococci (GBS) are the most common cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in neonates in the United States. Although the capsular polysaccharide of GBS is an important virulence factor, it is variably immunogenic in humans. In this report, we have increased the immunogenicity of GBS type II polysaccharide by coupling it to tetanus toxoid (TT). Like other GBS capsular polysaccharides, the type II polysaccharide has side chains terminating in sialic acid. Controlled periodate oxidation of native II polysaccharide resulted in the conversion of 7% of sialic acid residues to an analog of sialic acid, 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-galactosyloctulosonic acid. TT was conjugated to free aldehyde groups created on the oxidized sialic acid residues by reductive amination. Serum from rabbits vaccinated with type II-TT conjugate (II-TT) vaccine contained antibodies specific to type II polysaccharide as well as to TT, whereas rabbits vaccinated with uncoupled native type II polysaccharide failed to produce a type-specific antibody response. Antibodies elicited by II-TT vaccine were serotype specific and mediated phagocytosis and killing in vitro of type II GBS by human peripheral blood leukocytes. Serum from rabbits vaccinated with II-TT vaccine provided 100% protection in a mouse model of GBS type II infection. Antibodies induced by II-TT vaccine were specific for the native but not desialylated type II polysaccharide, suggesting that an important antigenic epitope of II-TT vaccine was dependent on the presence of sialic acid. Therefore, the coupling strategy which selectively modified a portion of the sialic acid residues of types II polysaccharide before coupling the polysaccharide to TT preserved the epitope essential to protective immunity and enhanced the immunogenicity of the polysaccharide.