Identification of a chlorosalicylic acid decarboxylase (CsaD) involved in decarboxylation of 3,6-DCSA from an anaerobic dicamba-degrading sludge

Abstract

ABSTRACT 3,6-Dichlorosalicylic acid (3,6-DCSA) is the demethylation metabolite of herbicide 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid (dicamba). Previous studies have shown that anaerobic sludge further transformed 3,6-DCSA through decarboxylation and dechlorination. However, the anaerobe, enzyme, and gene involved in the anaerobic degradation of 3,6-DCSA are still unknown. In this study, an anaerobic sludge that efficiently degraded dicamba was enriched, and a 3,6-DCSA decarboxylase, designated chlorosalicylic acid decarboxylase (CsaD), was partially purified and identified from the anaerobic sludge. Metagenomic analysis showed that the csaD gene was located in a gene cluster of metagenome-assembled genome 8 (MAG8). MAG8 belonged to an uncultured order, OPB41, in the class Coriobacteriia of the phylum Actinobacteria , and its abundance increased approximately once during the enrichment process. CsaD was a non-oxidative decarboxylase in the amidohydrolase 2 family catalyzing the decarboxylation of 3,6-DCSA and 6-chlorosalicylic acid (6-CSA). Its affinity and catalytic efficiency for 3,6-DCSA were significantly higher than those for 6-CSA. This study provides new insights into the anaerobic catabolism of herbicide dicamba. IMPORTANCE Dicamba, an important hormone herbicide, easily migrates to anoxic habitats such as sediment, ground water, and deep soil. Thus, the anaerobic catabolism of dicamba is of importance. Anaerobic bacteria or sludge demethylated dicamba to 3,6-DCSA, and in a previous study, based on metabolite identification, it was proposed that 3,6-DCSA be further degraded via two pathways: decarboxylation to 2,5-dichlorophenol, then dechlorination to 3-chlorophenol (3-CP); or dechlorination to 6-CSA, then decarboxylation to 3-CP. However, there was no physiological and genetic validation for the pathway. In this study, CsaD catalyzed the decarboxylation of both 3,6-DCSA and 6-CSA, providing enzyme-level evidence for the anaerobic catabolism of 3,6-DCSA through the two pathways. CsaD was located in MAG8, which belonged to an uncultured anaerobic actinomycetes order, OPB41, indicating that anaerobic actinomycetes in OPB41 was involved in the decarboxylation of 3,6-DCSA. This study provides a basis for understanding the anaerobic catabolism of dicamba and the demethylation product, 3,6-DCSA.