The HIV Latency Reversal Agent HODHBt Enhances NK Cell Effector and Memory-Like Functions by Increasing Interleukin-15-Mediated STAT Activation

Author:

Macedo Amanda B.1,Levinger Callie1,Nguyen Bryan N.23ORCID,Richard Jonathan45,Gupta Mamta67,Cruz Conrad Russell Y.78,Finzi Andrés45ORCID,Chiappinelli Katherine B.17,Crandall Keith A.23,Bosque Alberto1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

2. Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

3. Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

4. Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

5. Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

6. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

7. GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA

8. Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

Abstract

Elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a critical endpoint to eradicate HIV. One therapeutic intervention against latent HIV is “shock and kill.” This strategy is based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) with the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or the immune system. We have previously found that the small molecule 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) acts as an LRA by increasing signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factor activation mediated by interleukin-15 (IL-15) in cells isolated from aviremic participants. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 is currently under clinical investigation to eliminate latent reservoirs. IL-15 and N-803 share similar mechanisms of action by promoting the activation of STATs and have shown some promise in preclinical models directed toward HIV eradication. In this work, we evaluated the ability of HODHBt to enhance IL-15 signaling in natural killer (NK) cells and the biological consequences associated with increased STAT activation in NK cell effector and memory-like functions. We showed that HODHBt increased IL-15-mediated STAT phosphorylation in NK cells, resulting in increases in the secretion of CXCL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the expression of cytotoxic proteins, including granzyme B, granzyme A, perforin, granulysin, FASL, and TRAIL. This increased cytotoxic profile results in increased cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells and different tumor cell lines. HODHBt also improved the generation of cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that enhancing the magnitude of IL-15 signaling with HODHBt favors NK cell cytotoxicity and memory-like generation, and thus, targeting this pathway could be further explored for HIV cure interventions.

Funder

Canada Research Chair on Retroviral Entry

Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research

HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Virology,Insect Science,Immunology,Microbiology

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