Evaluation of Phosphoethanolamine Cellulose Production among Bacterial Communities Using Congo Red Fluorescence

Abstract

ABSTRACT Bacterial biofilms are surface-associated communities of bacterial cells enmeshed in an extracellular matrix (ECM). The biofilm lifestyle results in physiological heterogeneity across the community, promotes persistence, and protects cells from external insults such as antibiotic treatment. Escherichia coli was recently discovered to produce a chemically modified form of cellulose, phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose, which contributes to the formation of its extracellular matrix and elaboration of its hallmark wrinkled macrocolony architectures. Both pEtN cellulose and unmodified cellulose bind dyes such as calcofluor white and Congo red (CR). Here, we present the use of CR fluorescence to distinguish between pEtN cellulose and unmodified cellulose producers. We demonstrate the utility of this tool in the evaluation of a uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolate that appeared to produce curli and a cellulosic component but did not exhibit macrocolony wrinkling. We determined that lack of macrocolony wrinkling was attributed to a single-nucleotide mutation and introduction of a stop codon in bcsG, abrogating production of BcsG, the pEtN transferase. Thus, this work underscores the important contribution of the pEtN cellulose modification to the E. coli agar-based macrocolony wrinkling phenotype and introduces a facile approach to distinguish between modified and unmodified cellulose. IMPORTANCE E. coli bacteria produce amyloid fibers, termed curli, and a cellulosic component to assemble biofilm communities. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, and we recently discovered that the cellulosic component in E. coli biofilms was not standard cellulose, but a newly identified cellulosic polymer, phosphoethanolamine cellulose. Studies involving the biological and functional impact of this cellulose modification among E. coli and other organisms are just beginning. Convenient methods for distinguishing pEtN cellulose from unmodified cellulose in E. coli and for estimating production are needed to facilitate further research. Dissecting the balance of pEtN cellulose and curli production by E. coli commensal strains and clinical isolates will improve our understanding of the host microbiome and of factors contributing to bacterial pathogenesis.