Kinetic Enrichment of 34 S during Proteobacterial Thiosulfate Oxidation and the Conserved Role of SoxB in S-S Bond Breaking

Abstract

During chemolithoautotrophic thiosulfate oxidation, the phylogenetically diverged proteobacteria Paracoccus pantotrophus , Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis , and Thiomicrospira crunogena rendered steady enrichment of 34 S in the end product sulfate, with overall fractionation ranging between −4.6‰ and +5.8‰. The fractionation kinetics of T. crunogena was essentially similar to that of P. pantotrophus , albeit the former had a slightly higher magnitude and rate of 34 S enrichment. In the case of T. kashmirensis , the only significant departure of its fractionation curve from that of P. pantotrophus was observed during the first 36 h of thiosulfate-dependent growth, in the course of which tetrathionate intermediate formation is completed and sulfate production starts. The almost-identical 34 S enrichment rates observed during the peak sulfate-producing stage of all three processes indicated the potential involvement of identical S-S bond-breaking enzymes. Concurrent proteomic analyses detected the hydrolase SoxB (which is known to cleave terminal sulfone groups from SoxYZ-bound cysteine S -thiosulfonates, as well as cysteine S -sulfonates, in P. pantotrophus ) in the actively sulfate-producing cells of all three species. The inducible expression of soxB during tetrathionate oxidation, as well as the second leg of thiosulfate oxidation, by T. kashmirensis is significant because the current Sox pathway does not accommodate tetrathionate as one of its substrates. Notably, however, no other Sox protein except SoxB could be detected upon matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry analysis of all such T. kashmirensis proteins as appeared to be thiosulfate inducible in 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Instead, several other redox proteins were found to be at least 2-fold overexpressed during thiosulfate- or tetrathionate-dependent growth, thereby indicating that there is more to tetrathionate oxidation than SoxB alone.