Effects of viruses on nutrient turnover and growth efficiency of noninfected marine bacterioplankton

Abstract

The effects of virus infection and lysis of a marine Vibrio sp. on C, N, and P turnover and the growth efficiency of noninfected bacterioplankton were studied in a series of dilution cultures. The cultures were enriched with various sources of organic matter and N and P. The growth of the Vibrio host and the growth of the natural bacterioplankton were measured by immunofluorescence and 4(prm1),6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining methods, respectively. Lysis products resulting from infection of the Vibrio sp. caused an increase in metabolic activity and cell production by the noninfected bacterioplankton. In P-limited cultures, the addition of viruses increased the uptake of dissolved organic carbon by 72% and the potential alkaline phosphatase activity by 89% compared with control cultures without viruses. Our data suggest that input of available phosphorus through virus-induced Vibrio lysates occurred, which caused an increase in the bacterial nutrient uptake. The growth efficiency of noninfected bacteria was reduced in the presence of viruses compared with the control without viruses (growth efficiencies, 0.08 (plusmn) 0.03 and 0.24 (plusmn) 0.02, respectively). We suggest that the decrease in growth efficiency may be explained by an increase in bacterial energy demand associated with extracellular degradation of polymeric organic nitrogen and phosphorus in cell lysates.