HIV-2 Depletes CD4 T Cells through Pyroptosis despite Vpx-Dependent Degradation of SAMHD1

Abstract

CD4 T cell depletion during HIV-1 infection involves the demise of bystander CD4 T cells due to abortive infection, viral DNA sensing, inflammasome assembly, and death by caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. HIV-2 infection is associated with milder disease and lower rates of CD4 T cell loss. We hypothesized that HIV-2 infection produces lower levels of pyroptosis due to the action of its Vpx gene product. Vpx degrades the SAMHD1 restriction factor, potentially reducing abortive forms of infection. However, in tonsil cell cultures, HIV-2, HIV-2 ΔVpx, and HIV-1 induced indistinguishable levels of pyroptosis. Forced encapsidation of Vpx into HIV-1 virions also did not reduce pyroptosis. Thus, SAMHD1 does not appear to play a key role in the induction of bystander cell pyroptosis. Additionally, the milder clinical course of HIV-2-induced disease is apparently not explained by a decrease in this inflammatory form of programmed cell death.