The MKK7 Gene Encodes a Group of c-Jun NH 2 -Terminal Kinase Kinases

Abstract

ABSTRACT The c-Jun NH 2 -terminal protein kinase (JNK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) group and is an essential component of a signaling cascade that is activated by exposure of cells to environmental stress. JNK activation is regulated by phosphorylation on both Thr and Tyr residues by a dual-specificity MAPK kinase (MAPKK). Two MAPKKs, MKK4 and MKK7, have been identified as JNK activators. Genetic studies demonstrate that MKK4 and MKK7 serve nonredundant functions as activators of JNK in vivo. We report here the molecular cloning of the gene that encodes MKK7 and demonstrate that six isoforms are created by alternative splicing to generate a group of protein kinases with three different NH 2 termini (α, β, and γ isoforms) and two different COOH termini (1 and 2 isoforms). The MKK7α isoforms lack an NH 2 -terminal extension that is present in the other MKK7 isoforms. This NH 2 -terminal extension binds directly to the MKK7 substrate JNK. Comparison of the activities of the MKK7 isoforms demonstrates that the MKK7α isoforms exhibit lower activity, but a higher level of inducible fold activation, than the corresponding MKK7β and MKK7γ isoforms. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrates that these MKK7 isoforms are detected in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments of cultured cells. The presence of MKK7 in the nucleus was not, however, required for JNK activation in vivo. These data establish that the MKK4 and MKK7 genes encode a group of protein kinases with different biochemical properties that mediate activation of JNK in response to extracellular stimuli.