Identification of Indole Derivatives as Self-Growth Inhibitors of Symbiobacterium thermophilum , a Unique Bacterium Whose Growth Depends on Coculture with a Bacillus sp

Abstract

ABSTRACT Symbiobacterium thermophilum is a syntrophic bacterium whose growth depends on coculture with a Bacillus sp. Recently, we discovered that CO 2 generated by Bacillus is the major inducer for the growth of S. thermophilum ; however, the evidence suggested that an additional element is required for its full growth. Here, we studied the self-growth-inhibitory substances produced by S. thermophilum . We succeeded in purifying two substances from an ether extract of the culture supernatant of S. thermophilum by multiple steps of reverse-phase chromatography. Electron ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the purified preparation identified the substances as 2,2-bis(3′-indolyl)indoxyl (BII) and 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)ethane (BIE). The pure growth of S. thermophilum was inhibited by authentic BII and BIE with MICs of 12 and 7 μg/ml, respectively; however, its growth in coculture with Bacillus was not inhibited by BII at the saturation concentration and was inhibited by BIE with an MIC of 14 μg/ml. Both BII and BIE inhibited the growth of other microorganisms. Unexpectedly, the accumulation levels of both BII and BIE in the pure culture of S. thermophilum were far lower than the MICs (<0.1 μg/ml) while a marked amount of BIE (6 to 7 μg/ml) equivalent to the MIC had accumulated in the coculture. An exogenous supply of surfactin alleviated the sensitivities of several BIE-sensitive bacteria against BIE. The results suggest that Bacillus benefits S. thermophilum by detoxifying BII and BIE in the coculture. A similar mechanism may underlie mutualistic relationships between different microorganisms.