Association of oral fungal profiles with health status and bacterial composition in elderly adults receiving community support and home care service

Abstract

ABSTRACT Fungi compose a minority but a common component of normal oral microbiota and contribute to oral and systemic health by interacting with bacterial inhabitants. This study investigated the relationship of oral fungal profiles to health status and bacterial profiles of 159 elderly adults receiving community support and home care services. Fungal and bacterial densities and compositions were determined based on the fungal ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon analyses, respectively. The total fungal density of 87 individuals exceeded 5,000 copies, and their microbiota was characterized by significantly less dense bacterial populations and lower relative abundances of oral health-associated taxa, such as Neisseria perflava and Porphyromonas pasteri , compared with those with less than 5,000 copies of fungi. These individuals were significantly older, had fewer teeth, had lower physical function, and comprised more denture users and individuals with cognitive decline. Fungal compositions were classified into three profiles ( Candida albicans -dominant, non- albicans Candida -dominant, and non- Candida -dominant), and individuals with a non- albicans Candida -dominant profile exhibited significantly lower physical and cognitive function than those with the Candida albicans -dominant profile. These results demonstrate that a high-density fungal population co-occurs with poor oral and systemic health status of the host and dysbiosis of the bacterial community, and particularly, the overgrowth of non- albicans Candida species may be implicated in worsening systemic conditions. IMPORTANCE The interaction between fungal and bacterial components involved in the virulence of oral microbiota has received attention. This study demonstrates that an increase in fungal components is associated with a dysbiotic bacterial community and poor health status in elderly adults. Among individuals with a high-density fungal population, particularly, those with a non- albicans Candida -dominant profile had lower physical and cognitive functions than those with a C. albicans -dominant profile. These findings indicate that the evaluation of fungal components, in addition to the bacterial components, is important to understand the involvement of oral microbiota in oral and systemic diseases in elderly adults.