Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021

Published:2022-08-30 Issue:4 Volume:13 Page:
ISSN:2150-7511
Container-title:mBio
language:en
Short-container-title:mBio

Author:

Pohlmann Anne¹,King Jacqueline¹,Fusaro Alice²,Zecchin Bianca²,Banyard Ashley C.³⁴^ORCID,Brown Ian H.³⁴,Byrne Alexander M. P.³,Beerens Nancy⁵^ORCID,Liang Yuan⁶,Heutink Rene⁵,Harders Frank⁵,James Joe³⁴^ORCID,Reid Scott M.³,Hansen Rowena D. E.³,Lewis Nicola S.⁷,Hjulsager Charlotte⁸,Larsen Lars E.⁶,Zohari Siamak⁹,Anderson Kristofer⁹,Bröjer Caroline¹⁰,Nagy Alexander¹¹,Savič Vladimir¹²,van Borm Steven¹³^ORCID,Steensels Mieke¹³,Briand Francois-Xavier¹⁴,Swieton Edyta¹⁵,Smietanka Krzysztof¹⁵,Grund Christian¹,Beer Martin¹^ORCID,Harder Timm¹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany

2. European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy

3. Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom

4. OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom

5. Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands

6. Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

7. Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom

8. Department for Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark

9. Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden

10. Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden

11. State Veterinary Institute Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

12. Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Zagreb, Croatia

13. Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium

14. Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité de Virologie, Immunologie, Parasitologie Avaires et Cunicoles, Ploufragan, France

15. Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland

Abstract

Phylogenetic evidence from the recent resurgence of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, observed in European wild birds and poultry since October 2021, suggests at least two different and distinct reservoirs. We propose contrasting hypotheses for this emergence: (i) resident viruses have been maintained, presumably in wild birds, in northern Europe throughout the summer of 2021 to cause some of the outbreaks that are part of the most recent autumn/winter 2021 epizootic, or (ii) further virus variants were reintroduced by migratory birds, and these two sources of reintroduction have driven the HPAI resurgence.

Funder

EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Virology,Microbiology

Link

https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/mbio.00609-22

Reference20 articles.

1. Avian influenza overview February – May 2021

2. Lack of virological and serological evidence for continued circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in wild birds in the Netherlands, 14 November 2014 to 31 January 2016