Relevance of detection of immunoglobulin M antibody response in birds used for arbovirus surveillance

Abstract

Young chickens were inoculated with 5,000 PFU of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus and bled at intervals thereafter for determinations of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI), neutralizing (N), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and IgG antibodies. HI, N, and IgM antibodies were first detected 4 days after infection, and IgG was detected 7 days after infection. All four antibodies persisted through day 90 after infection. HI, N, and IgM antibody titers remained elevated and were not cross-reactive with the related alphavirus western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus. IgG antibody titers also remained high, but heterologous reactivity to WEE virus increased with time after infection. Serum samples from sentinel chickens and wild birds infected in nature with EEE, WEE, or St. Louis encephalitis virus and submitted to this laboratory from state and local health departments were tested for IgM antibody by using anti-chicken IgM for capture and for IgG antibodies to the EEE and WEE viruses. There was essentially complete correlation between HI, N, and either IgM (indicating recent infections) or IgG (indicating more remote infections) antibody. We conclude that the IgM antibody capture enzyme immunoassay can be used as a specific and sensitive assay to replace the routinely used HI test for detecting antibody in sentinel chickens and in young, wild birds used for arbovirus surveillance. The test is rapid and relatively inexpensive and can be performed in essentially all adequately supplied laboratories.