Immunity induced by vaccination with recombinant influenza B virus neuraminidase protein breaks viral transmission chains in guinea pigs in an exposure intensity-dependent manner

Abstract

ABSTRACT Mucosal vaccines and vaccines that block pathogen transmission are under-appreciated in vaccine development. However, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has shown that blocking viral transmission is an important attribute of efficient vaccines. Here, we investigated if recombinant influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) vaccines delivered at a mucosal site could protect from onward transmission of influenza B viruses in the guinea pig model. We tested four different scenarios in which sequential transmission was investigated in chains of three to four guinea pigs. The variables tested included a low and a high viral inoculum (10 4 vs 10 5 plaque-forming units) in the initial donor guinea pig and variation of exposure/cohousing time (1 day vs 6 days). In three out of four scenarios—low inoculum-long exposure, low inoculum-short exposure, and high inoculum-short exposure—transmission chains were efficiently blocked. Based on this data, we believe an intranasal recombinant NA vaccine could be used to efficiently curtail influenza virus spread in the human population during influenza epidemics. IMPORTANCE Vaccines that can slow respiratory virus transmission in the population are urgently needed for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza virus. Here, we describe how a recombinant neuraminidase-based influenza virus vaccine reduces transmission in vaccinated guinea pigs in an exposure intensity-based manner.