Distribution of Replicating Simian Virus 40 DNA in Intact Cells and Its Maturation in Isolated Nuclei

Abstract

The maturation of replicating simian virus 40 (SV40) chromosomes into superhelical viral DNA monomers [SV40(I) DNA] was analyzed in both intact cells and isolated nuclei to investigate further the role of soluble cytosol factors in subcellular systems. Replicating intermediates [SV40(RI) DNA] were purified to avoid contamination by molecules broken at their replication forks, and the distribution of SV40(RI) DNA as a function of its extent of replication was analyzed by gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. With virus-infected CV-1 cells, SV40(RI) DNA accumulated only when replication was 85 to 95% completed. These molecules [SV40(RI * ) DNA] were two to three times more prevalent than an equivalent sample of early replicating DNA, consistent with a rate-limiting step in the separation of sibling chromosomes. Nuclei isolated from infected cells permitted normal maturation of SV40(RI) DNA into SV40(I) DNA when the preparation was supplemented with cytosol. However, in the absence of cytosol, the extent of DNA synthesis was diminished three- to fivefold (regardless of the addition of ribonucleotide triphosphates), with little change in the rate of synthesis during the first minute; also, the joining of Okazaki fragments to long nascent DNA was inhibited, and SV40(I) DNA was not formed. The fraction of short-nascent DNA chains that may have resulted from dUTP incorporation was insignificant in nuclei with or without cytosol. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that joining, but not initiation, of Okazaki fragments required cytosol. Cessation of DNA synthesis in nuclei without cytosol could be explained by an increased probability for cleavage of replication forks. These broken molecules masqueraded during gel electrophoresis of replicating DNA as a peak of 80% completed SV40(RI) DNA. Failure to convert SV40(RI * ) DNA into SV40(I) DNA under these conditions could be explained by the requirement for cytosol to complete the gap-filling step in Okazaki fragment metabolism: circular monomers with their nascent DNA strands interrupted in the termination region [SV40(II * ) DNA] accumulated with unjoined Okazaki fragments. Thus, separation of sibling chromosomes still occurred, but gaps remained in the terminal portions of their daughter DNA strands. These and other data support a central role for SV40(RI * ) and SV40(II * ) DNAs in the completion of viral DNA replication.