Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 Regulates Pulmonary Host Defense via Neutrophil Recruitment during Escherichia coli Infection

Abstract

ABSTRACTNeutrophil accumulation is a critical event to clear bacteria. Since uncontrolled neutrophil recruitment can cause severe lung damage, understanding neutrophil trafficking mechanisms is important to attenuate neutrophil-mediated damage. While monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) is known to be a monocyte chemoattractant, its role in pulmonary neutrophil-mediated host defense against Gram-negative bacterial infection is not understood. We hypothesized that MCP-1/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 is important for neutrophil-mediated host defense. Reduced bacterial clearance in the lungs was observed in MCP-1−/−mice followingEscherichia coliinfection. Neutrophil influx, along with cytokines/chemokines, leukotriene B4(LTB4), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 levels in the lungs, was reduced in MCP-1−/−mice after infection.E. coli-induced activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases in the lung was also reduced in MCP-1−/−mice. Administration of intratracheal recombinant MCP-1 (rMCP-1) to MCP-1−/−mice induced pulmonary neutrophil influx and cytokine/chemokine responses in the presence or absence ofE. coliinfection. Ourin vitromigration experiment demonstrates MCP-1-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis. Notably, chemokine receptor 2 is expressed on lung and blood neutrophils, which are increased uponE. coliinfection. Furthermore, our findings show that neutrophil depletion impairsE. coliclearance and that exogenous rMCP-1 after infection improves bacterial clearance in the lungs. Overall, these new findings demonstrate thatE. coli-induced MCP-1 causes neutrophil recruitment directly via chemotaxis as well as indirectly via modulation of keratinocyte cell-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and LTB4.