Affiliation:
1. Western Oregon University, Department of Biology, Monmouth, Oregon 97361
2. Quality Schools International, Chengdu, China 610000
3. Montana State University, Department of Microbiology, Bozeman, Montana 59717
Abstract
ABSTRACT
In this study, glass rods suspended at the air-water interface in the runoff channel of Fairy Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, WY, were used as a substratum to promote the development of biofilms that resembled multilayered mat communities in the splash zone at the geyser's source. This approach enabled the establishment of the temporal relationship between the appearance of
Cyanobacteria
, which ultimately formed the outer green layer, and the development of a red underlayer containing
Roseiflexus
-like
Chloroflexi
. This is the first study to define time-dependent successional events involved in the development of differently colored layers within microbial mats associated with many thermal features in Yellowstone National Park. Initial (1-month) biofilms were localized below the air-water interface (60 to 70°C), and the majority of retrieved bacterial sequence types were similar to
Synechococcus
and
Thermus
isolates. Biofilms then shifted, becoming established at and above the air-water interface after 3 months. During winter sampling (6 to 8 months), distinct reddish orange microcolonies were observed, consistent with the appearance of
Roseiflexus
-like sequences and bacteriochlorophyll
a
pigment signatures. Additionally, populations of
Cyanobacteria
diversified to include both unicellular and filamentous cell and sequence types. Distinct green and red layers were observed at 13 months.
Planctomycetes
-like sequences were also retrieved in high abundance from final biofilm layers and winter samples. Finally, biomass associated with geyser vent water contained
Roseiflexus
-like sequence types, in addition to other high-abundance sequence types retrieved from biofilm samples, supporting the idea that geothermal water serves as an inoculum for these habitats.
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Subject
Ecology,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,Food Science,Biotechnology
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