Role of the antiparallel double-stranded filament form of FtsA in activating the Escherichia coli divisome

Abstract

ABSTRACT The actin-like FtsA protein is essential for function of the cell division machinery, or divisome, in many bacteria including Escherichia coli . Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that purified wild-type FtsA assembles into closed mini-rings on lipid membranes, but oligomeric variants of FtsA such as FtsA R286W and FtsA G50E can bypass certain divisome defects and form arc and double-stranded (DS) oligomeric states, respectively, which may reflect conversion of an inactive to an active form of FtsA. However, it remains unproven which oligomeric forms of FtsA are responsible for assembling and activating the divisome. Here, we used an in vivo crosslinking assay for FtsA DS filaments to show that they largely depend on proper divisome assembly and are prevalent at later stages of cell division. We also used a previously reported variant that fails to assemble DS filaments, FtsA M96E R153D , to investigate the roles of FtsA oligomeric states in divisome assembly and activation. We show that FtsA M96E R153D cannot form DS filaments in vivo , fails to replace native FtsA, and confers a dominant negative phenotype, underscoring the importance of the DS filament stage for FtsA function. Surprisingly, however, activation of the divisome through the ftsL * or ftsW * superfission alleles suppressed the dominant negative phenotype and rescued the functionality of FtsA M96E R153D . Our results suggest that FtsA DS filaments are needed for divisome activation once it is assembled, but they are not essential for divisome assembly or guiding septum synthesis. IMPORTANCE Cell division is fundamental for cellular duplication. In simple cells like Escherichia coli bacteria, the actin homolog FtsA is essential for cell division and assembles into a variety of protein filaments at the cytoplasmic membrane. These filaments not only help tether polymers of the tubulin-like FtsZ to the membrane at early stages of cell division but also play crucial roles in recruiting other cell division proteins to a complex called the divisome. Once assembled, the E. coli divisome subsequently activates synthesis of the division septum that splits the cell in two. One recently discovered oligomeric conformation of FtsA is an antiparallel double-stranded filament. Using a combination of in vivo crosslinking and genetics, we provide evidence suggesting that these FtsA double filaments have a crucial role in activating the septum synthesis enzymes.