The Case for Adopting the “Species Complex” Nomenclature for the Etiologic Agents of Cryptococcosis

Author:

Kwon-Chung Kyung J.1,Bennett John E.1,Wickes Brian L.2,Meyer Wieland34,Cuomo Christina A.5ORCID,Wollenburg Kurt R.6,Bicanic Tihana A.7,Castañeda Elizabeth8,Chang Yun C.1,Chen Jianghan9,Cogliati Massimo10,Dromer Françoise11,Ellis David12,Filler Scott G.13,Fisher Matthew C.14ORCID,Harrison Thomas S.7,Holland Steven M.1,Kohno Shigeru15,Kronstad James W.16,Lazera Marcia17,Levitz Stuart M.18,Lionakis Michail S.1,May Robin C.19ORCID,Ngamskulrongroj Popchai20,Pappas Peter G.21,Perfect John R.22,Rickerts Volker23,Sorrell Tania C.424,Walsh Thomas J.25,Williamson Peter R.1,Xu Jianping26ORCID,Zelazny Adrian M.27,Casadevall Arturo28

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

2. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

3. Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

4. Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

5. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

6. Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

7. Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom

8. Colombia Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia

9. Mycology Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

10. Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

11. Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, Paris, France

12. School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

13. Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

14. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

15. Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan

16. Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

17. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

18. Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

19. Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

20. Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

21. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

22. Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA

23. Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany

24. Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

25. Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA

26. Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, China

27. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

28. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis is a potentially lethal disease of humans/animals caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii . Distinction between the two species is based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Recently, it was proposed that C. neoformans be divided into two species and C. gattii into five species based on a phylogenetic analysis of 115 isolates. While this proposal adds to the knowledge about the genetic diversity and population structure of cryptococcosis agents, the published genotypes of 2,606 strains have already revealed more genetic diversity than is encompassed by seven species. Naming every clade as a separate species at this juncture will lead to continuing nomenclatural instability. In the absence of biological differences between clades and no consensus about how DNA sequence alone can delineate a species, we recommend using “ Cryptococcus neoformans species complex” and “ C. gattii species complex” as a practical intermediate step, rather than creating more species. This strategy recognizes genetic diversity without creating confusion.

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Molecular Biology,Microbiology

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