Affiliation:
1. Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland
2. National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
3. Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We determined norovirus (NoV) concentrations in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and in oysters during the peak period of laboratory-confirmed cases of NoV infection in Ireland in 2010 (January to March). Weekly samples of influent, secondary treated effluent, and oysters were analyzed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for NoV genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII). The mean concentration of NoV GII (5.87 × 10
4
genome copies 100 ml
−1
) in influent wastewater was significantly higher than the mean concentration of NoV GI (1.40 × 10
4
genome copies 100 ml
−1
). The highest concentration of NoV GII (2.20 × 10
5
genome copies 100 ml
−1
) was detected in influent wastewater during week 6. Over the study period, a total of 931 laboratory-confirmed cases of NoV GII infection were recorded, with the peak (
n
= 171) occurring in week 7. In comparison, 16 cases of NoV GI-associated illness were reported during the study period. In addition, the NoV capsid N/S domain was molecularly characterized for selected samples. Multiple genotypes of NoV GI (GI.1, GI.4, GI.5, GI.6, and GI.7) and GII (GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13, and GII.17), as well as 4 putative recombinant strains, were detected in the environmental samples. The NoV GII.4 variant 2010 was detected in wastewater and oyster samples and was the dominant strain detected in NoV outbreaks at that time. This study demonstrates the diversity of NoV genotypes present in wastewater during a period of high rates of NoV infection in the community and highlights the potential for the environmental spread of multiple NoV genotypes.
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Subject
Ecology,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,Food Science,Biotechnology
Reference53 articles.
1. CloakF
JacksonS
GarveyP
McKeownP. 2010. Surveillance of infectious intestinal (IID) zoonotic and vectorborne disease and outbreaks of infectious disease: quarter 1-2010. Health Protection Surveillance Centre Dublin Ireland.
2. Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection
3. The epidemiology of published norovirus outbreaks: a review of risk factors associated with attack rate and genogroup;Matthews JE;Epidemiol. Infect.,2012
4. Establishment of a national database to link epidemiological and molecular data from norovirus outbreaks in Ireland;Kelly S;Epidemiol. Infect.,2008
5. Cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses;Mounts A;J. Infect. Dis.,2000
Cited by
47 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献